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ship management

1. a) Define work breakdown structure (WBS) and describe how the WBS process is carried out in shipyard.

The work breakdown structure identifies all the tasks in a project; in fact, a WBS is sometimes referred to simply as a task list. It turns one large, unique, perhaps mystifying, piece of work—the project—into many small, manageable tasks. The WBS uses outputs from project definition and risk management and identifies the tasks that are the foundation for all subsequent planning

Work breakdown structures can be set up in either graphic or outline form either way, they list the various tasks involved. For example, designing and putting in a new lawn with a sprinkler system, surrounded by a new fence, involves a number of different tasks. The graphic WBS paints a picture that makes it easy to understand all the parts of a project, but the outlined WBS is more practical because you can list hundreds of tasks on it—far more than can be listed using the graphic approach.

The WBS clarifies and provides necessary details for a number of project management activities. Building a WBS helps to:

• Provide a detailed illustration of project scope. Though the statement of work defines scope at the conceptual level, a comprehensive look at a project’s scope can be accomplished only with a WBS.

• Monitor progress. The tasks on the WBS become the basis for monitoring progress because each is a measurable unit of work.

• Create accurate cost and schedule estimates. The WBS will detail costs for equipment, labor, and materials on each task.

• Build project teams. Every team member wants clear work assignments and a sense of how his or her work fits into the overall effort.

A good WBS does both. You can also increase the team’s commitment to the plan by having them participate in building the WBS.

Project title – Ship building

Phase – 000 General arrangement, 100 hull structure, 200 propulsion system, 300 electric

plan, 400 command & surveillance, 500 auxiliary system, 600 outfitting, 700

armament, 800 integrations, and 900 Ship assembly.

Task – 110 shell & supporting structure and 120 hull structure bulkhead.

b) Explain project phase sequence for a typical engineering project; e.g. building of a

commercial ship .

Project phase sequence

The project life cycle consists of four phases;

a) Project initiation

The first phase of a project is the initiation phase. During this phase a business problem or opportunity is identified and a business case providing various solution options is defined. Next, a feasibility study is conducted to investigate whether each option addresses the business problem and a final recommended solution is then put forward.

Once the recommended solution is approved, a project is initiated to deliver the approved solution. Terms of reference are completed outlining the objectives, scope and structure of the new project and a project manager is appointed. The project manager begins recruiting a project team and establishes a project office environment.

Approval is then sought to move into the detailed planning phase.

b) Project planning

Once the scope of the project has been defined in the terms of reference, the project enters the detailed planning phase. This involves creating a:

• Project plan outlining the activities, tasks, dependencies and timeframes;

• Resource plan listing the labour, equipment and materials required;

• Financial plan identifying the labour, equipment and materials costs;

• Quality plan providing quality targets, assurance and control measures;

• Risk plan highlighting potential risks and actions to be taken to mitigate those risks;

• Acceptance plan listing the criteria to be met to gain customer acceptance;

• Communications plan describing the information needed to inform stakeholders;

• Procurement plan identifying products to be sourced from external suppliers.

At this point the project will have been planned in detail and is ready to be executed.

c) Project execution

This phase involves implementing the plans created during the project planning phase.

While each plan is being executed, a series of management processes are undertaken to monitor and control the deliverables being output by the project. This includes identifying change, risks and issues, reviewing deliverable quality and measuring each deliverable produced against the acceptance criteria. Once all of the deliverables have been produced and the customer has accepted the final solution, the project is ready for closure.

d) Project closure

Project closure involves releasing the final deliverables to the customer, handing over project documentation to the business, terminating supplier contracts, releasing project resources and communicating the closure of the project to all stakeholders. The last remaining step is to undertake a post-implementation review to quantify the level of project success and identify any lessons learnt for future projects.

2. a) Explain safe handling, storage and special requirements for corrosive chemicals and explosive materials, e.g. dangerous goods in shipyard

Corrosive Chemical

Safe Handling – Wear appropriate personal protective clothing, an acid-resistant

apron, chemical resistant gloves, and splash goggles/face shield.

Conduct the procedure in a laboratory hood. Use proper pouring

techniques when pouring acids into water. Always Add Acids to

water. All dilutions of corrosives must be performed in a laboratory

hood.

Storage – If improperly stored, these chemicals may cause serious injury because of

exposure to caustics or strong acids irrespective of its physical state.

Hence, to ensure complete security, corrosive chemicals can be stored in

cabinets that are especially designed for this purpose. These cabinets have

a coating that is acid resistant. It also has a cabinet floor that is specifically

constructed so as to control chemical spillage. The best material to be used

for the storage of a corrosive chemical is Polypropylene. None of the

internal parts of these cabinets are metallic. You can specify the cabinet

vents in case you want to get the cabinet connected to any external

exhaust. Connection to the exhaust system is necessary for all cabinets, no

matter if they have been installed at the time of new construction or

renovation.

Special Requirement – Corrosive chemicals can pose many hazards if stored

improperly. The mixing of incompatible chemicals can lead

to a series of hazards ranging from gassing, burning and

poisoning to explosion even! Corrosive chemical storage

thereby requires a person to be very careful.

Explosive Materials

Safe Handling – Use chemical splash goggles for eye protection in combination with

a full-length face shield to fully protect the face and throat. Heavy,

non-reactive gloves should be worn when handling reactive

compounds or in the event it is necessary to reach behind a shielded

area while a hazardous experiment is in progress. Check glove

manufacturer for recommendations on a suitable glove for the

specific chemical. Wear a lab coat and closed-toed shoes (non

fabric) with non-slip soles. If a respirator is needed, then user must

follow guidelines of the Respiratory Protection Program.

Storage – Proper storage prevents unauthorized access to explosive materials and

reduces their deterioration. All explosive materials, including blasting

agents, detonators, detonating cord, boosters, blasting caps, and electric

and non electric detonators should be stored in magazines. The magazines

should be properly designed and located to comply with all applicable

federal, state and local laws, rules and regulations.

Special requirements – All procedures involving reactive materials must be

conducted in a fume hood to protect against runaway

reactions and hazardous exposure.

b) Discuss the following elements of management with respect to shipyard management

Times

For analytical purposes, the time required to produce a deliverable is estimated using several techniques. One method is to identify tasks needed to produce the deliverables documented in a work breakdown structure or WBS. The work effort for each task is estimated and those estimates are rolled up into the final deliverable estimate.

The tasks are also prioritized, dependencies between tasks are identified, and this information is documented in a project schedule. The dependencies between the tasks can affect the length of the overall project (dependency constrained), as can the availability of resources (resource constrained). Time is not considered a cost nor a resource since the project manager cannot control the rate at which it is expended. This makes it different from all other resources and cost categories. It should be remembered that no effort expended will have any higher quality than that of the effort- expenders.

Material and resources

Supporting labor, materials, or supplies needed. Quantity, quality, availability, skill match, ability to define roles and responsibilities

Financial

Cost to develop a project depends on several variables including (chiefly): resource costs, labor rates, material rates, risk management (i.e. cost), Earned value management, plant (buildings, machines, etc.), equipment, cost escalation, indirect costs, and profit. But beyond this basic accounting approach to fix and variable costs, the economic cost that must be considered includes worker skill and productivity which is calculated by variation to project cost estimates. This is important when companies hire temporary or contract employees or outsource work.

Legal

There is a wide diversity of structures and purposes in the NPO landscape. For legal classification and eventual scrutiny, there are, nevertheless, some structural elements of prime legal importance:

• Legal requirements followed for establishment
• Purpose
• Economic activity
• Supervision and management provisions
• Representation
• Accountability and Auditing provisions
• Provisions for the amendment of the statutes or articles of incorporation
• Provisions for the dissolution of the entity
• Tax status of corporate and private donors
• Tax status of the foundation

Some of the above must be, in most jurisdictions, expressed in the document of establishment. Others may be provided by the supervising authority at each particular jurisdiction.

While affiliations will not affect a legal status, they may be taken into consideration in legal proceedings as an indication of purpose.

Most countries have laws which regulate the establishment and management of NPOs and which require compliance with corporate governance regimes. Larger organizations are required to publish their financial reports detailing their income and expenditure for the public. In many aspects they are similar to business entities though there are often significant differences. Both non-profit and for-profit entities must have board members, steering committee members, or trustees who owe the organization a fiduciary duty of loyalty and trust. A notable exception to this involves churches, which are often not required to disclose finances to anyone, not even its own members if the leadership chooses.

Technical

Customer expectations, probability of success, ability to scale-up, product manufacturability, design success.

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